This post has been edited (2019-11-24) my original assumption about how DateTime.Kind unspecified was handled were incorrect.

As I was testing my Azure MQTT Test Client I noticed some oddness with MQTT connection timeouts and this got me wondering about token expiry times. So, I went searching again and found this Azure IoT Hub specific sample code

public static string generateSasToken(string resourceUri, string key, string policyName, int expiryInSeconds = 3600)
{
    TimeSpan fromEpochStart = DateTime.UtcNow - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1);
    string expiry = Convert.ToString((int)fromEpochStart.TotalSeconds + expiryInSeconds);

    string stringToSign = WebUtility.UrlEncode(resourceUri) + "\n" + expiry;

    HMACSHA256 hmac = new HMACSHA256(Convert.FromBase64String(key));
    string signature = Convert.ToBase64String(hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(stringToSign)));

    string token = String.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "SharedAccessSignature sr={0}&sig={1}&se={2}", WebUtility.UrlEncode(resourceUri), WebUtility.UrlEncode(signature), expiry);

    if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(policyName))
    {
        token += "&skn=" + policyName;
    }

    return token;
}

This code worked first time and was more flexible than mine which was a bonus. Though while running my MQTTNet based client I noticed the connection would drop after approximately 10mins (EDIT this was probably an unrelated networking issue).

A long time ago (25 years) I had issues sharing a Unix time value between an applications written with Borland C and Microsoft Visual C which made me wonder about Unix epoch base offsets.

So to test my theory I built a Unix epoch test harness console application

using System;

namespace UnixEpocTest
{
   class Program
   {
      static void Main(string[] args)
      {
         TimeSpan ttl = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 0);

         Console.WriteLine("Current time");
         Console.WriteLine($"Local     {DateTime.Now} {DateTime.Now.Kind}");
         Console.WriteLine($"UTC       {DateTime.UtcNow} {DateTime.UtcNow.Kind}");
         Console.WriteLine($"Unix DIY  {new DateTime(1970, 1, 1)} {new DateTime(1970, 1, 1).Kind}");
         Console.WriteLine($"Unix DIY+ {new DateTime(1970, 1, 1).ToUniversalTime()} {new DateTime(1970, 1, 1).ToUniversalTime().Kind}");
         Console.WriteLine($"Unix DIY  {new DateTime(1970, 1, 1, 0,0,0, DateTimeKind.Utc)}");
         Console.WriteLine($"Unix      {DateTime.UnixEpoch} {DateTime.UnixEpoch.Kind}");
         Console.WriteLine();

         TimeSpan fromEpochStart = DateTime.UtcNow - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1);
         TimeSpan fromEpochStartUtc = DateTime.UtcNow - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1,0,0,0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
         TimeSpan fromEpochStartUnixEpoch = DateTime.UtcNow - DateTime.UnixEpoch;

         Console.WriteLine("Epoch comparison");
         Console.WriteLine($"Local {fromEpochStart} {fromEpochStart.TotalSeconds.ToString("f0")} sec");
         Console.WriteLine($"UTC   {fromEpochStartUtc} {fromEpochStartUtc.TotalSeconds.ToString("f0")} sec");
         Console.WriteLine($"Epoc  {fromEpochStartUnixEpoch} {fromEpochStartUnixEpoch.TotalSeconds.ToString("f0")} sec");
         Console.WriteLine();

         TimeSpan afterEpoch = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(ttl) - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1);
         TimeSpan afterEpochUtC = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(ttl) - new DateTime(1970, 1, 1).ToUniversalTime();
         TimeSpan afterEpochEpoch = DateTime.UtcNow.Add(ttl) - DateTime.UnixEpoch;

         Console.WriteLine("Epoch calculation");
         Console.WriteLine($"Local {afterEpoch}");
         Console.WriteLine($"UTC   {afterEpochUtC}");
         Console.WriteLine($"Epoch {afterEpochEpoch}");
         Console.WriteLine();

         Console.WriteLine("Epoch DateTime");
         Console.WriteLine($"Local :{new DateTime(1970, 1, 1)}");
         Console.WriteLine($"UTC   :{ new DateTime(1970, 1, 1).ToUniversalTime()}");

         Console.WriteLine("Press ENTER to exit");
         Console.ReadLine();

         Console.WriteLine("Hello World!");
      }
   }
}

EDIT: I now think the UtcNow to “unspecified” kind mathematics was being handled correctly. I have updated the code to use the DateTime.UnixEpoch constant so the code is more readable.

public static string generateSasToken(string resourceUri, string key, string policyName, int expiryInSeconds = 900)
      {
         TimeSpan fromEpochStart = DateTime.UtcNow - DateTime.UnixEpoch;
         string expiry = Convert.ToString((int)fromEpochStart.TotalSeconds + expiryInSeconds);

         string stringToSign = WebUtility.UrlEncode(resourceUri) + "\n" + expiry;

         HMACSHA256 hmac = new HMACSHA256(Convert.FromBase64String(key));
         string signature = Convert.ToBase64String(hmac.ComputeHash(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(stringToSign)));

         string token = String.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "SharedAccessSignature sr={0}&sig={1}&se={2}", WebUtility.UrlEncode(resourceUri), WebUtility.UrlEncode(signature), expiry);

         if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(policyName))
         {
            token += "&skn=" + policyName;
         }

         return token;
      }

I need to test the expiry of my SAS Tokens some more especially with the client running on my development machine (NZT which is currently UTC+13) and in Azure (UTC timezone)