.NET nanoFramework RAK11200 – Brownout Voltage Revisited

The voltage my test setup was calculating looked wrong, then I realised that the sample calculation in the RAK Wireless forums wasn’t applicable to my setup.

I reassembled my RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module, RAK19001 WisBlock Base Board, RAK1901 WisBlock Temperature and Humidity Sensor, 1200mAH Lithium Polymer (LiPo) battery, SKU920100 Solar Board test setup, put a new 9V battery (I had forgotten to turn it off last-time) in my multimeter then collected some data. A=ReadValue(), C= ReadRatio(), E= measured battery voltage.

Excel spreadsheet for calculating ratio

I updated the formula used to calculate the battery voltage and deployed the application

public static void Main()
{
    Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} devMobile.IoT.RAK.Wisblock.AzureIoTHub.RAK11200.PowerSleep starting");

    Thread.Sleep(5000);

    try
    {
        double batteryVoltage;

        Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO04, DeviceFunction.I2C1_DATA);
        Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO05, DeviceFunction.I2C1_CLOCK);

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Battery voltage measurement");

        // Configure Analog input (AIN0) port then read the "battery charge"
        AdcController adcController = new AdcController();

        using (AdcChannel batteryVoltageAdcChannel = adcController.OpenChannel(AdcControllerChannel))
        {
            batteryVoltage = batteryVoltageAdcChannel.ReadValue() / 723.7685;

            Debug.WriteLine($" BatteryVoltage {batteryVoltage:F2}");

            if (batteryVoltage < Config.BatteryVoltageBrownOutThreshold)
            {
                Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.FailureRetryInterval);
                Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
...    
}

To test the accuracy of the voltage calculation I am going to run my setup on the office windowsill for a week regularly measuring the voltage. Then, turn the solar panel over (so the battery is not getting charged) and monitor the battery discharging until the RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module won’t connect to the network.

.NET nanoFramework RAK11200 – Brownout Voltage

My test setup was a RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module, RAK19001 WisBlock Base Board, RAK1901 WisBlock Temperature and Humidity Sensor, 1200mAH Lithium Polymer (LiPo) battery and SKU920100 Solar Board. The test setup uploads temperature, humidity and battery voltage telemetry to an Azure IoT Hub every 5 minutes (short delay so battery life reduced).

The first step was to check that I could get a “battery voltage” value for the RAKWireless RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module on a RAK19001 WisBlock Base Board for managing “brownouts” and send to my Azure IoT Hub.

RAK19001 Power supply schematic

The RAK19001 WisBlock Base Board has a voltage divider (R4&R5 with output ADC_VBAT) which is connected to pin 21(AIN0) on the CPU slot connector.

RAK19001 connector schematic

The RAK19001 WisBlock Base Board has quite a low leakage current so the majority of the power consumption should be the RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module.

RAK19001 leakage current from specifications

I used AdcController + AdcChannel to read AIN0 and modified the code using the formula (for a RAK4631 module) in the RAK Wireless forums to calculate the battery voltage. (UPDATE This calculation is not applicable to my scenario)

RAK11200 Schematic with battery voltage analog input highlighted

When “slept” the RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module power consumption is very low

RAK11200 low power current from specifications
public static void Main()
{
    Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} devMobile.IoT.RAK.Wisblock.AzureIoTHub.RAK11200.PowerSleep starting");

    Thread.Sleep(5000); // This do debugger can attach consider removing in realease version

    try
    {
        double batteryVoltage;

        Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO04, DeviceFunction.I2C1_DATA);
        Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO05, DeviceFunction.I2C1_CLOCK);

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Battery voltage measurement");

        // Configure Analog input (AIN0) port then read the "battery charge"
        AdcController adcController = new AdcController();

        using (AdcChannel batteryVoltageAdcChannel = adcController.OpenChannel(AdcControllerChannel))
        {

            // https://forum.rakwireless.com/t/custom-li-ion-battery-voltage-calculation-in-rak4630/4401/7
            // When I checked with multimeter I had to increase 1.72 to 1.9
            batteryVoltage = batteryVoltageAdcChannel.ReadValue() * (3.0 / 4096) * 1.9;

            Debug.WriteLine($" BatteryVoltage {batteryVoltage:F2}");

            if (batteryVoltage < Config.BatteryVoltageBrownOutThreshold)
            {
                Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.FailureRetryInterval);
                Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
            }
        }

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Wifi connecting");

        if (!WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp(Config.Ssid, Config.Password, requiresDateTime: true))
        {
            if (NetworkHelper.HelperException != null)
            {
                Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp failed {NetworkHelper.HelperException}");
            }

            Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.FailureRetryInterval);
            Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
        }
        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Wifi connected");

        // Configure the SHTC3 
        I2cConnectionSettings settings = new(I2cDeviceBusID, Shtc3.DefaultI2cAddress);

        string payload ;

        using (I2cDevice device = I2cDevice.Create(settings))
        using (Shtc3 shtc3 = new(device))
        {
            if (shtc3.TryGetTemperatureAndHumidity(out var temperature, out var relativeHumidity))
            {
                Debug.WriteLine($" Temperature {temperature.DegreesCelsius:F1}°C Humidity {relativeHumidity.Value:F0}% BatteryVoltage {batteryVoltage:F2}");

                payload = $"{{\"RelativeHumidity\":{relativeHumidity.Value:F0},\"Temperature\":{temperature.DegreesCelsius:F1}, \"BatteryVoltage\":{batteryVoltage:F2}}}";
            }
            else
            {
                Debug.WriteLine($" BatteryVoltage {batteryVoltage:F2}");

                payload = $"{{\"BatteryVoltage\":{batteryVoltage:F2}}}";
            }

#if SLEEP_SHT3C
            shtc3.Sleep();
#endif
        }

        // Configure the HttpClient uri, certificate, and authorization
        string uri = $"{Config.AzureIoTHubHostName}.azure-devices.net/devices/{Config.DeviceID}";

        HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient()
        {
            SslProtocols = System.Net.Security.SslProtocols.Tls12,
            HttpsAuthentCert = new X509Certificate(Config.DigiCertBaltimoreCyberTrustRoot),
            BaseAddress = new Uri($"https://{uri}/messages/events?api-version=2020-03-13"),
        };
        httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Authorization", SasTokenGenerate(uri, Config.Key, DateTime.UtcNow.Add(Config.SasTokenRenewFor)));

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub device {Config.DeviceID} telemetry update start");

        HttpResponseMessage response = httpClient.Post("", new StringContent(payload));

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Response code:{response.StatusCode}");

        response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub telemetry update failed:{ex.Message} {ex?.InnerException?.Message}");

        Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.FailureRetryInterval);
        Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
    }

    Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.TelemetryUploadInterval);
#if SLEEP_LIGHT
    Sleep.StartLightSleep();
#endif
#if SLEEP_DEEP
    Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
#endif
}

The nanoFramework.Hardware.Esp32.Sleep functionality supports LightSleep and DeepSleep states. The ESP32 device can be “woken up” by GPIO pin(s), Touch pad activity or by a Timer.

RAK11200+RAK19007+RAK1901+ LiPo battery test rig

After some “tinkering” I found the voltage calculation was surprisingly accurate (usually within 0.01V) for my RAK19001 and RAK19007 base boards.

When the battery voltage was close to its minimum working voltage of the ESP32 device it would reboot when the WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp method was called. This would quickly drain the battery flat even when the solar panel was trying to charge the battery.

Now, before trying to connect to the wireless network the battery voltage is checked and if too low (more experimentation required) the device goes into a deep sleep for a configurable period (more experimentation required). This is so the solar panel can charge the battery to a level where wireless connectivity will work.

.NET nanoFramework Qorvo DW1000 – RAK13801 Device SPI

When developing libraries it’s good to have a selection of different platforms for testing as this can significantly improve the quality and robustness of the implementation. A few months ago I noticed that RAK Wireless have a UWB Module Decawave DW1000 Wisblock so I added one to an order.

My second Qorvo DW1000 setup is a RAK120000 Wisblock Core module, on a RAK19007 WisBlock Base with a RAK13801 WisBlock Wireless module

RAK12000 + RAK19007 + RAK13801 test platform

The Qorvo DW1000 module has a Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) so the Master In Slave Out(MISO), Master Out Slave In(MOSI), Serial Clock(SCLK) and Chip Slave Select(CSS) pins of the RAK11200 WisBiock Core Module have to be setup using the Configuration.SetPinFunction method of the nanoFramework.Hardware.Esp32 library.

RAK11200 Schematic with SPI pins highlighted.
RAK13801 Schematic with SPI pins highlighted.

I have added a couple of C# processor directives (MAKERFABS_ESP32UWB & RAK11200_RAK1907_RAK13801) so the platform that the Qorvo DW1000 module is running on can be configured.

public class Program
{
#if MAKERFABS_ESP32UWB
    private const int SpiBusId = 1;
    private const int chipSelectLine = Gpio.IO04;
#endif
#if RAK11200_RAK1907_RAK13801
    private const int SpiBusId = 1;
    private const int chipSelectLine = Gpio.IO32;
#endif

    public static void Main()
    {
        Thread.Sleep(5000);

        Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.Dw1000.ShieldSPI starting");

        try
        {
#if MAKERFABS_ESP32UWB
            Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO19, DeviceFunction.SPI1_MISO);
            Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO23, DeviceFunction.SPI1_MOSI);
            Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO18, DeviceFunction.SPI1_CLOCK);
#endif
#if RAK11200_RAK1907_RAK13801
            Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO35, DeviceFunction.SPI1_MISO);
            Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO25, DeviceFunction.SPI1_MOSI);
            Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO33, DeviceFunction.SPI1_CLOCK);
#endif
            var settings = new SpiConnectionSettings(SpiBusId, chipSelectLine)
            {
                ClockFrequency = 2000000,
                Mode = SpiMode.Mode0,
            };

            using (SpiDevice device = SpiDevice.Create(settings))
            {
                while (true)
                {
                    byte[] writeBuffer = new byte[] { 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0 }; // 0x0 = DEV_ID
                    byte[] readBuffer = new byte[writeBuffer.Length];

                    device.TransferFullDuplex(writeBuffer, readBuffer); // 15, 48, 1, 202, 222

                    uint ridTag = (uint)(readBuffer[4]<< 8 | readBuffer[3]);
                    byte model = readBuffer[2];
                    byte ver = (byte)(readBuffer[1] >> 4);
                    byte rev = (byte)(readBuffer[1] & 0x0f);

                    Debug.WriteLine(String.Format($"RIDTAG 0x{ridTag:X2} MODEL 0x{model:X2} VER 0X{ver:X2} REV 0x{rev:X2}"));

                   Thread.Sleep(10000);
                }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
        }
    }
}

The alignment of the RAK11200 WisBiock Core Module pins and labels on the circuit diagram tripped me up. My initial configuration caused the device to reboot every time the application started.

Visual Studio 2022 Debug window displaying the decoded value from Register 0x0

At the top of test applications, I usually have a brief delay i.e Thread.Sleep(5000) so I can attach the debugger or erase the flash before the application crashes.

.NET nanoFramework RAK11200 – Azure IoT Hub HTTP Power conservation

My test setup was a RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module, RAK19007 WisBlock Base Board, RAK1901 WisBlock Temperature and Humidity Sensor and Keweisi KWS-MX19 USB Tester DC 4V-30V 0-5A Current Voltage Detector to measure the power consumption of my test setup.

RAK11200 + RAK19007 +RAK1901+Keweisi KWS-MX19 test setup

The baseline version of the RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module software had no power conservation functionality.

public static void Main()
{
    DateTime sasTokenValidUntilUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;

    Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} devMobile.IoT.RAK.Wisblock.AzureIoTHub.RAK11200.PowerConservation starting");

    Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO04, DeviceFunction.I2C1_DATA);
    Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO05, DeviceFunction.I2C1_CLOCK);

    if (!WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp(Config.Ssid, Config.Password, requiresDateTime: true))
    {
        if (NetworkHelper.HelperException != null)
        {
             Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp failed {NetworkHelper.HelperException}");
        }

        Thread.Sleep(Timeout.Infinite);
    }

    string uri = $"{Config.AzureIoTHubHostName}.azure-devices.net/devices/{Config.DeviceID}";

    // not setting Authorization here as it will change as SAS Token refreshed
    HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient
    {
        SslProtocols = System.Net.Security.SslProtocols.Tls12,
        HttpsAuthentCert = new X509Certificate(Config.DigiCertBaltimoreCyberTrustRoot),
        BaseAddress = new Uri($"https://{uri}/messages/events?api-version=2020-03-13"),
    };

    I2cConnectionSettings settings = new(I2cDeviceBusID, Shtc3.DefaultI2cAddress);
    I2cDevice device = I2cDevice.Create(settings);
    Shtc3 shtc3 = new(device);

    AdcController adcController = new AdcController();
    AdcChannel batteryChargeAdcChannel = adcController.OpenChannel(AdcControllerChannel);

    string sasToken = "";

    while (true)
    {
        DateTime standardisedUtcNow = DateTime.UtcNow;

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub device {Config.DeviceID} telemetry update start");

        if (sasTokenValidUntilUtc <= standardisedUtcNow)
        {
            sasTokenValidUntilUtc = standardisedUtcNow.Add(Config.SasTokenRenewEvery);

            sasToken = SasTokenGenerate(uri, Config.Key, sasTokenValidUntilUtc);

            Debug.WriteLine($" Renewing SAS token for {Config.SasTokenRenewFor} valid until {sasTokenValidUntilUtc:HH:mm:ss dd-MM-yy}");
        }

        if (!shtc3.TryGetTemperatureAndHumidity(out var temperature, out var relativeHumidity))
        {
            Debug.WriteLine($" Temperature and Humidity read failed");

            continue;
        }

        double batteryCharge = batteryChargeAdcChannel.ReadRatio() * 100.0;

        Debug.WriteLine($" Temperature {temperature.DegreesCelsius:F1}°C Humidity {relativeHumidity.Value:F0}% BatteryCharge {batteryCharge:F1}%");

        string payload = $"{{\"RelativeHumidity\":{relativeHumidity.Value:F0},\"Temperature\":{temperature.DegreesCelsius.ToString("F1")}, \"BatteryCharge\":{batteryCharge:F1}}}";

        try
        {
            using (HttpContent content = new StringContent(payload))
            {
                content.Headers.Add("Authorization", sasToken);

                using (HttpResponseMessage response = httpClient.Post("", content))
                {
                    Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Response code:{response.StatusCode}");

                    response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
                 }
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub POST failed:{ex.Message} {ex?.InnerException?.Message}");
        }

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub telemetry update done");

        Thread.Sleep(Config.TelemetryUploadInterval);
    }
}

When the program was “idle” the current varied between 0.067A to 0.074A with “spikes” when transmitting.

The second version of the application could be configured to “sleep” the RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module and RAK1901 WisBlock Temperature and Humidity Sensor. The RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module can be put into a LightSleep or DeepSleep.

public static void Main()
{
    Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} devMobile.IoT.RAK.Wisblock.AzureIoTHub.RAK11200.PowerSleep starting");

    Thread.Sleep(5000);

    try
    {
        Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO04, DeviceFunction.I2C1_DATA);
        Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO05, DeviceFunction.I2C1_CLOCK);

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Wifi connecting");

        if (!WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp(Config.Ssid, Config.Password, requiresDateTime: true))
       {
            if (NetworkHelper.HelperException != null)
            {
                 Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp failed {NetworkHelper.HelperException}");
            }

            Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.FailureRetryInterval);
            Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
        }

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Wifi connected");

        // Configure the SHTC3 
        I2cConnectionSettings settings = new(I2cDeviceBusID, Shtc3.DefaultI2cAddress);
        I2cDevice device = I2cDevice.Create(settings);
        Shtc3 shtc3 = new(device);

        // Assuming that if TryGetTemperatureAndHumidity fails accessing temperature or relativeHumidity will cause an exception
        shtc3.TryGetTemperatureAndHumidity(out var temperature, out var relativeHumidity);

#if SLEEP_SHT3C
        shtc3.Sleep();
#endif

        // Configure Analog input (AIN0) port then read the "battery charge"
        AdcController adcController = new AdcController();
        AdcChannel batteryChargeAdcChannel = adcController.OpenChannel(AdcControllerChannel);

        double batteryCharge = batteryChargeAdcChannel.ReadRatio() * 100.0;

        Debug.WriteLine($" Temperature {temperature.DegreesCelsius:F1}°C Humidity {relativeHumidity.Value:F0}% BatteryCharge {batteryCharge:F1}");

        // Assemble the JSON payload, should use nanoFramework.Json
        string payload = $"{{\"RelativeHumidity\":{relativeHumidity.Value:F0},\"Temperature\":{temperature.DegreesCelsius.ToString("F1")}, \"BatteryCharge\":{batteryCharge:F1}}}";

        // Configure the HttpClient uri, certificate, and authorization
        string uri = $"{Config.AzureIoTHubHostName}.azure-devices.net/devices/{Config.DeviceID}";

        HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient()
        {
            SslProtocols = System.Net.Security.SslProtocols.Tls12,
            HttpsAuthentCert = new X509Certificate(Config.DigiCertBaltimoreCyberTrustRoot),
            BaseAddress = new Uri($"https://{uri}/messages/events?api-version=2020-03-13"),
        };
        httpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("Authorization", SasTokenGenerate(uri, Config.Key, DateTime.UtcNow.Add(Config.SasTokenRenewFor)));

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub device {Config.DeviceID} telemetry update start");

        HttpResponseMessage response = httpClient.Post("", new StringContent(payload));

        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Response code:{response.StatusCode}");

        response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
    }
    catch (Exception ex)
    {
        Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub telemetry update failed:{ex.Message} {ex?.InnerException?.Message}");

        Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.FailureRetryInterval);
        Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
    }

    Sleep.EnableWakeupByTimer(Config.TelemetryUploadInterval);
#if SLEEP_LIGHT
    Sleep.StartLightSleep();
#endif
#if SLEEP_DEEP
    Sleep.StartDeepSleep();
#endif
 }

The LightSleep or DeepSleep based code is significantly less complex because the allocation and deallocation of resources does not have to be managed because the application is restarted when the WakeUp Timer triggers.

Both LightSleep and DeepSleep reduced the idle current to 0.000A. The Keweisi KWS-MX19 USB Tester DC 4V-30V 0-5A Current Voltage Detector is not a precision laboratory instrument. I couldn’t detect if sleeping the RAK1901 WisBlock Temperature and Humidity Sensor or LightSleep vs. DeepSleep made any difference. But it did show the power consumption of my setup could be significantly reduced by using the ESP32 LightSleep and DeepSleep functionality.

.NET nanoFramework RAK11200 – Azure IoT Hub HTTP battery charge monitoring

The first step was to check that I could get a “battery charge” value for the RAKWireless RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module on a RAK19007 WisBlock Base Board to send to an Azure IoT Hub.

RAK1702 Schematic with voltage divider to ADC_VBAT connection highlighted
RAK1701 Schematic with ADC_VBAT to CPU slot connection highlighted

The RAK19007 WisBlock Base Board has a voltage divider (R3&R4 with output ADC_VBAT) which is connected (via R7) to pin 21(AIN0) on the CPU slot connector.

RAK11200 schematic with CPU Slot to ESP32-WROVER-B connection highlighted

The AIN0(pin 21) of the RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module is connected to SENSOR_VP(pin4) of the Espressif ESP32-WROVER-B so I could measure the battery charge.

RAK11200+RAK19007+RAK1901+ LiPo battery test rig

My test setup was a RAK11200 WisBlock WiFi Module, RAK19007 WisBlock Base Board, RAK1901 WisBlock Temperature and Humidity Sensor and 1200mAH Lithium Polymer (LiPo) battery which uploads temperature, humidity and battery charge telemetry to an Azure IoT Hub every 10 minutes.

I used AdcController + AdcChannel to read the AIN0 value which was then inserted in the Java Script Object Notation(JSON) telemetry payload.

 public class Program
 {
     private const int I2cDeviceBusID = 1;
     private const int AdcControllerChannel = 0;

     public static void Main()
     {
         DateTime sasTokenValidUntilUtc = DateTime.UtcNow;

         Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} devMobile.IoT.RAK.Wisblock.AzureIoTHub.RAK11200.PowerBaseline starting");

         Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO04, DeviceFunction.I2C1_DATA);
         Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO05, DeviceFunction.I2C1_CLOCK);

         if (!WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp(Config.Ssid, Config.Password, requiresDateTime: true))
         {
             if (NetworkHelper.HelperException != null)
             {
                 Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} WifiNetworkHelper.ConnectDhcp failed {NetworkHelper.HelperException}");
             }

             Thread.Sleep(Timeout.Infinite);
         }

         string uri = $"{Config.AzureIoTHubHostName}.azure-devices.net/devices/{Config.DeviceID}";

         // not setting Authorization here as it will change as SAS Token refreshed
         HttpClient httpClient = new HttpClient
         {
             SslProtocols = System.Net.Security.SslProtocols.Tls12,
             HttpsAuthentCert = new X509Certificate(Config.DigiCertBaltimoreCyberTrustRoot),
             BaseAddress = new Uri($"https://{uri}/messages/events?api-version=2020-03-13"),
         };

         I2cConnectionSettings settings = new(I2cDeviceBusID, Shtc3.DefaultI2cAddress);
         I2cDevice device = I2cDevice.Create(settings);
         Shtc3 shtc3 = new(device);

         AdcController adcController = new AdcController();
         AdcChannel batteryChargeAdcChannel = adcController.OpenChannel(AdcControllerChannel);

         string sasToken = "";

         while (true)
         {
             DateTime standardisedUtcNow = DateTime.UtcNow;

             Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub device {Config.DeviceID} telemetry update start");

             if (sasTokenValidUntilUtc <= standardisedUtcNow)
             {
                 sasTokenValidUntilUtc = standardisedUtcNow.Add(Config.SasTokenRenewEvery);

                 sasToken = SasTokenGenerate(uri, Config.Key, sasTokenValidUntilUtc);

                 Debug.WriteLine($" Renewing SAS token for {Config.SasTokenRenewFor} valid until {sasTokenValidUntilUtc:HH:mm:ss dd-MM-yy}");
             }

             if (!shtc3.TryGetTemperatureAndHumidity(out var temperature, out var relativeHumidity))
             {
                 Debug.WriteLine($" Temperature and Humidity read failed");

                 continue;
             }

             double batteryCharge = batteryChargeAdcChannel.ReadRatio() * 100.0;

             Debug.WriteLine($" Temperature {temperature.DegreesCelsius:F1}°C Humidity {relativeHumidity.Value:F0}% BatteryCharge {batteryCharge:F1}%");

             string payload = $"{{\"RelativeHumidity\":{relativeHumidity.Value:F0},\"Temperature\":{temperature.DegreesCelsius.ToString("F1")}, \"BatteryCharge\":{batteryCharge:F1}}}";

             try
             {
                 using (HttpContent content = new StringContent(payload))
                 {
                     content.Headers.Add("Authorization", sasToken);

                     using (HttpResponseMessage response = httpClient.Post("", content))
                     {
                         Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Response code:{response.StatusCode}");

                         response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode();
                     }
                 }
             }
             catch (Exception ex)
             {
                 Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub POST failed:{ex.Message} {ex?.InnerException?.Message}");
             }

             Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:HH:mm:ss} Azure IoT Hub telemetry update done");

             Thread.Sleep(Config.TelemetryUploadInterval);
         }
     }
...
}

I used Azure IoT Explorer to monitor the Azure IoT Hub device telemetry to see how BatteryCharge value decreased to a level where the device wouldn’t transmit.

Azure IoT Explorer telemetry – device connected to a USB charger (11:01:19) then un-plugged (11:02:02)
Azure IoT Explorer telemetry – Last two messages sent by the device

With no use of the “power conservation” functionality of the ESP32-WROVER-B powered by a 1200mAH battery the device ran for approximately 11hrs (11:00am – 10:00pm).

RAK2305 Wisblock AIN0 pin highlighted

I think the RAK2305 will not be able to measure “battery charge” as the SENSOR_VP pin on the Espressif ESP32-WROVER-B is not connected to AIN0.