.NET nanoFramework RAK2305 – RAK4200 Library Usage (AS923 Sorted)

This post covers the usage of my RAK4200LoRaWAN-NetNF library with a RAK3205 WisBlock Wifi Interface Module on a RAK4200 Evaluation Board. This post was delayed because of the issue covered in .NET nanoFramework RAK2305 – RAK4200 Library Usage AS923 Issue. After posting in the RAKWireless formus RAKWireless support very quickly provided updated RAK4200 firmware which fixed the issue.

RAK2305 RAK4200 Evaluation Board based test rig

The RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient now reliably joins The Things Network, then sends and receives messages.

When I initially deployed the RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient the RAK4200LoRaWAN-NetNF library failed in the OtaaInitialise method. I think this was caused by the “at+set_config=lora:work_mode:0” command rebooting the RAK4200 Module. I have commented out the code but may move it to a standalone method if required.

// Set the Working mode to LoRaWAN, not/never going todo P2P with this library.
#if DIAGNOSTICS
Debug.WriteLine($" {DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} at+set_config=lora:work_mode:0");
#endif
Result result = SendCommand("Initialization OK", "at+set_config=lora:work_mode:0", CommandTimeoutDefault);
if (result != Result.Success)
{
#if DIAGNOSTICS
         Debug.WriteLine($" {DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} at+set_config=lora:work_mode:0 failed {result}");
#endif
	return result;
}

I think it would be reasonable to assume that the device is in the correct mode (the default after a reset to factory) on startup so I removed the LoRa® network work mode configuration code.

.NET nanoFramework RAK2305 – RAK4200 Library AS923 Issue

This post was going to be about how to the use my RAK4200LoRaWAN-NetNF library with a RAK3205 WisBlock Wifi Interface Module and RAK4200 Evaluation Board but there was a problem…

RAK2305 RAK4200 Evaluation Board based test rig

When I ran the RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient the first couple of join attempts failed which was odd as my sparkfun ESP32 thing plus with RAK4200 Breakout Board setup was very reliable.

Visual Studio Debug output for RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient Join failure
The Things Network RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient application Join failure

When I looked at The Things Network “Live data” tab the RAK4200 Module on the RAK4200 Evaluation Board wasn’t using the LoRaWAN AS923 Join-Request channels 923.20 & 923.40 MHz.

AS923 Join Channels

The RAK4200 Module on the appeared to be cycling through all the AS923 channels and every so often would use one the join request channels.

Visual Studio Debug output for RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient successful Join and Send
The Things Network RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient successful Join and Send

The RAK4200 Breakout Board module is running a later firmware version (V3.2.0.16) than the RAK4200 Evaluation Board module (V3.2.0.15) which is most probably the problem.

Visual Studio Debug output for RAK4200 Evaluation Board Version Request
Visual Studio Debug output for RAK4200 Breakout Board Version Request

The RAK811 module (which has been retired) also had similar issues with AS923.

.NET nanoFramework RAK2305 – RAK3172 Library Usage

This post covers the usage of my RAK3172LoRaWAN-NetNF library with a RAK3205 WisBlock Wifi Interface Module on a RAK3172 Evaluation Board.

RAK2305 RAK3172 Evaluation Board based test rig

The first time the RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient is run the following preprocessor directives may need to be defined to configure the RAK3172 module.

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//#define ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY      // nanoff --target ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY --update 
//#define  SPARKFUN_ESP32_THING_PLUS  // nanoff --platform esp32 --serialport COM4 --update
//#define RAK_WISBLOCK_RAK2305 // nanoff --update --target ESP32_PSRAM_REV0 --serialport COM4
#define DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET
//#define FACTORY_RESET
//#define PAYLOAD_BCD
#define PAYLOAD_BYTES
#define OTAA
//#define ABP
//#define CONFIRMED
#define UNCONFIRMED
#define REGION_SET
#define ADR_SET
//#define SLEEP
namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN
{
Visual Studio Debug output for RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient full configuration

Once the RAK3172 Module is the RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient can be run with only PAYLOAD_BCD or PAYLOAD_BYTES defined

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//#define ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY      // nanoff --target ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY --update 
//#define  SPARKFUN_ESP32_THING_PLUS  // nanoff --platform esp32 --serialport COM4 --update
//#define RAK_WISBLOCK_RAK2305 // nanoff --update --target ESP32_PSRAM_REV0 --serialport COM4
//#define DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET
//#define FACTORY_RESET
//#define PAYLOAD_BCD
#define PAYLOAD_BYTES
//#define OTAA
//#define ABP
//#define CONFIRMED
//#define UNCONFIRMED
//#define REGION_SET
//#define ADR_SET
//#define SLEEP
namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN
{
Visual Studio Debug output for RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient minimal configuration

When I initially deployed ran the RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient the RAK3172LoRaWAN-NetNF library crashed in the OtaaInitialise method. I think this was caused by the RAKwireless Unified Interface V3(RUIV3) “AT+NWM=1” command rebooting the RAK3172 Module.

// Set the Working mode to LoRaWAN, not/never going todo P2P with this library.
#if DIAGNOSTICS
Debug.WriteLine($" {DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} AT+NWM=1");
#endif
Result result = SendCommand("Current Work Mode: LoRaWAN.", "AT+NWM=1", CommandTimeoutDefault);
if (result != Result.Success)
{
#if DIAGNOSTICS
	Debug.WriteLine($" {DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} AT+NWM=1 failed {result}");
#endif
	return result;
}

I think it would be reasonable to assume that the device is in the correct mode (the default after a reset to factory) on startup so I removed the LoRa® network work mode configuration code.

.NET nanoFramework RAK3172 Library Usage

After a two week “soak test” using a Sparkfun Thing Plus ESP32 WROOM and RAK3172 Breakout Board completed with no failures, this final post covers the usage of the RAK3172LoRaWAN-NetNF library in a “real-world” application.

Before a factory reset the DevEUI, JoinEUI (was AppEUI), and AppKey were values I had configured earlier

12:02:04 0 TX:AT+DEVEUI=? bytes:11--------------------------------
AT+DEVEUI=A..............1
OK

12:03:05 0 TX:AT+APPEUI=? bytes:11--------------------------------
AT+APPEUI=A..............8
OK

12:04:03 0 TX:AT+APPKEY=? bytes:11--------------------------------
AT+APPKEY=C..............................F
OK

After a factory reset the DevEUI, JoinEUI (was AppEUI), and AppKey were default values

12:00:21 0 TX:AT+DEVEUI=? bytes:11--------------------------------
AT+DEVEUI=0000000000000000
OK

12:01:09 0 TX:AT+APPEUI=? bytes:11--------------------------------
AT+APPEUI=0000000000000000
OK

12:01:48 0 TX:AT+APPKEY=? bytes:11--------------------------------
AT+APPKEY=00000000000000000000000000000000
OK

I then ran the RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient with the following preprocessor directives defined to reconfigure the RAK3172 module.

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//#define ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY      // nanoff --target ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY --update 
#define ESP32_WROOM   // nanoff --target ESP32_REV0 --serialport COM17 --update
#define DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET
//#define FACTORY_RESET
///#define PAYLOAD_BCD
#define PAYLOAD_BYTES
#define OTAA
//#define ABP
//#define CONFIRMED
#define UNCONFIRMED
#define REGION_SET
#define ADR_SET
//#define SLEEP
namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN
{
...
Visual Studio Debug output for RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient full configuration

I could then run the RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient with only PAYLOAD_BCD or PAYLOAD_BYTES defined

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//#define ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY      // nanoff --target ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY --update 
#define ESP32_WROOM   // nanoff --target ESP32_REV0 --serialport COM17 --update
//#define DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET
//#define FACTORY_RESET
///#define PAYLOAD_BCD
#define PAYLOAD_BYTES
//#define OTAA
//#define ABP
//#define CONFIRMED
//#define UNCONFIRMED
//#define REGION_SET
//#define ADR_SET
//#define SLEEP
namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN
{
...
Visual Studio Debug output for RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient minimal configuration
public static void Main()
{
	Result result;

	Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.RAK3172LoRaWANDeviceClient starting");

	try
	{
		// set GPIO functions for COM2 (this is UART1 on ESP32)
#if ESP32_WROOM
		Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO17, DeviceFunction.COM2_TX);
		Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO16, DeviceFunction.COM2_RX);
#endif

		Debug.Write("Ports:");
		foreach (string port in SerialPort.GetPortNames())
		{
			Debug.Write($" {port}");
		}
		Debug.WriteLine("");

		using (Rak3172LoRaWanDevice device = new Rak3172LoRaWanDevice())
		{
			result = device.Initialise(SerialPortId, 115200, Parity.None, 8, StopBits.One);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Initialise failed {result}");
				return;
			}

			MessageSendTimer = new Timer(SendMessageTimerCallback, device, Timeout.Infinite, Timeout.Infinite);
					
			device.OnJoinCompletion += OnJoinCompletionHandler;
			device.OnReceiveMessage += OnReceiveMessageHandler;
#if CONFIRMED
			device.OnMessageConfirmation += OnMessageConfirmationHandler;
#endif

#if FACTORY_RESET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} FactoryReset");
			result = device.FactoryReset();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"FactoryReset failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Device EUI");
			result = device.DeviceEui(Config.devEui);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"DeviceEUI set failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if REGION_SET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Region{Band}");
			result = device.Band(Band);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Band on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if ADR_SET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ADR On");
			result = device.AdrOn();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"ADR on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif
#if CONFIRMED
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Confirmed");
			result = device.UplinkMessageConfirmationOn();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Confirm on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif
#if UNCONFIRMED
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Unconfirmed");
			result = device.UplinkMessageConfirmationOff();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Confirm off failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if OTAA
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} OTAA");
			result = device.OtaaInitialise(Config.JoinEui, Config.AppKey);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"OTAA Initialise failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if ABP
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ABP");
			result = device.AbpInitialise(Config.DevAddress, Config.NwksKey, Config.AppsKey);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"ABP Initialise failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join start Timeout:{JoinTimeOut:hh:mm:ss}");
			result = device.Join(JoinTimeOut);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Join failed {result}");
				return;
			}
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join started");

			Thread.Sleep(Timeout.Infinite);
		}
	}
	catch (Exception ex)
	{
		Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
	}
}

One of the major differences between the RAK4200 and RAK3127 libraries is the way a LoRaWAN network join is handled. The RAK4200 library Join method blocks until it succeeds of fails, the RAK3172 library Join method returns immediately then an EventHandler is called with the result.

private static void OnJoinCompletionHandler(bool result)
{
	Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join finished:{result}");

	if (result)
	{
		MessageSendTimer.Change(MessageSendTimerDue, MessageSendTimerPeriod);
	}
}

The new RAK Wireless LoRaWAN modules use the RUI3 AT Commands so the RAK3172 library will most probably be retired and uses as the basis for a generic RUI3 library.

.NET nanoFramework RAK3172 LoRaWAN library OTAA Join

When I first tried Over The Air Activation(OTAA) to connect to The Things Network(TTN) with my RAKwireless RAK3172 module it didn’t work. I had flashed my Sparkfun Thing plus ESP32 WROOM with the ESP32 PSRAM binaries (Thanks AlbertK on the nanoFramework Discord).

nanoff --target ESP32_REV0 --serialport COM17 --update
RAK3172 Sparkfun ESP32 WROOM Testrig

I modified the NetworkJoinOTAA sample (based on the asynchronous version of BreakOutSerial) to send the sequence of AT commands to join The Things Network(TTN) and display the responses.

#define ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY      // nanoff --target ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY --update 
//#define ESP32_WROOM   //nanoff --target ESP32_REV0 --serialport COM17 --update

namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN.nanoFramework.RAK3172
{
	using System;
	using System.Diagnostics;
	using System.IO.Ports;
	using System.Threading;
#if ESP32_WROOM
	using global::nanoFramework.Hardware.Esp32; //need NuGet nanoFramework.Hardware.Esp32
#endif

	public class Program
	{
#if ESP32_WROOM
		private const string SerialPortId = "COM2";
#endif
#if ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY
		private const string SerialPortId = "COM6";
#endif
		private const string DevEui = "...";
		private const string AppEui = "...";
		private const string AppKey = "...";
		private const byte MessagePort = 1;
		private const string Payload = "A0EEE456D02AFF4AB8BAFD58101D2A2A"; // Hello LoRaWAN

		public static void Main()
		{
			Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN.nanoFramework.RAK3172 NetworkJoinOTAA starting");

			try
			{
				// set GPIO functions for COM2 (this is UART1 on ESP32)
#if ESP32_WROOM
				Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO17, DeviceFunction.COM2_TX);
				Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO16, DeviceFunction.COM2_RX);
#endif

				Debug.Write("Ports:");
				foreach (string port in SerialPort.GetPortNames())
				{
					Debug.Write($" {port}");
				}
				Debug.WriteLine("");

				using (SerialPort serialPort = new SerialPort(SerialPortId))
				{
					// set parameters
					serialPort.BaudRate = 115200;
					serialPort.Parity = Parity.None;
					serialPort.DataBits = 8;
					serialPort.StopBits = StopBits.One;
					serialPort.Handshake = Handshake.None;
					serialPort.NewLine = "\r\n";
					serialPort.ReadTimeout = 1000;

					serialPort.DataReceived += SerialDevice_DataReceived;

					serialPort.Open();

					serialPort.WatchChar = '\n';

					serialPort.ReadExisting(); // Running at 115K2 this was necessary

					// Set the devEUI
					Console.WriteLine("Set Dev Eui");
					serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+DEVEUI={DevEui}");

					// Set the Working mode to LoRaWAN
					Console.WriteLine("Set Work mode");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+NWM=1");

					// Set the Region to AS923
					Console.WriteLine("Set Region");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+BAND=8");

					// Set the JoinMode
					Console.WriteLine("Set Join mode");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+NJM=1");

					// Set the appEUI
					Console.WriteLine("Set App Eui");
					serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+APPEUI={AppEui}");

					// Set the appKey
					Console.WriteLine("Set App Key");
					serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+APPKEY={AppKey}");

					// Set the Confirm flag
					Console.WriteLine("Set Confirm off");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+CFM=0");

					// Join the network
					Console.WriteLine("Start Join");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+JOIN=1:0:10:2");

					// Wait for the +EVT:JOINED

					while (true)
					{
						Console.WriteLine("Sending");
						serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+SEND={MessagePort}:{Payload}");

						Thread.Sleep(300000);
					}
				}
			}
			catch (Exception ex)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
			}
		}

		private static void SerialDevice_DataReceived(object sender, SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e)
		{
			SerialPort serialPort = (SerialPort)sender;

			switch (e.EventType)
			{
				case SerialData.Chars:
					break;
 
				case SerialData.WatchChar:
					string response = serialPort.ReadExisting();
					Debug.Write(response);
					break;
				default:
					Debug.Assert(false, $"e.EventType {e.EventType} unknown");
					break;
			}
		}
	}
}
Visual Studio Debug Output displaying Configuration-Join-Send
Things Network(TTN) Live Data tab display successful join then D2C message

The NetworkJoinOTAA application assumes that all of the AT commands succeed. I usually step though the application in the debugger so I can monitor progress.

.NET nanoFramework RAK4200 Library Usage

After a two week “soak test” using a Sparkfun Thing Plus ESP32 WROOM and RAK4200 Breakout Board completed with no failures, this final post covers the usage of the RAK4200LoRaWAN-NetNF library in a “real-world” application.

Discovery kit with STM32F769NI MCU and RAK4200 Breakout Board test rig

After a factory reset the DevEUI, JoinEUI (was AppEUI), and AppKey were reset, but the rest of the configuration appeared to be retained.

OK Work Mode: LoRaWAN
Region: AS923
MulticastEnable: false
DutycycleEnable: false
Send_repeat_cnt: 0
Join_mode: OTAA
DevEui: 0000000000000000
AppEui: 0000000000000000
AppKey: 00000000000000000000000000000000
Class: A
Joined Network:false
IsConfirm: unconfirm
AdrEnable: true
EnableRepeaterSupport: false
RX2_CHANNEL_FREQUENCY: 923200000, RX2_CHANNEL_DR:2
RX_WINDOW_DURATION: 3000ms
RECEIVE_DELAY_1: 1000ms
RECEIVE_DELAY_2: 2000ms
JOIN_ACCEPT_DELAY_1: 5000ms
JOIN_ACCEPT_DELAY_2: 6000ms
Current Datarate: 5
Primeval Datarate: 5
ChannelsTxPower: 0
UpLinkCounter: 0
DownLinkCounter: 0

I then ran the RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient with DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET (devEui from label on the device), OTAA to configure the AppEui and AppKey and the device connected to The Things Network on the second attempt (typo in the DevEui).

public static void Main()
{
	Result result;

	Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient starting");

	try
	{
		// set GPIO functions for COM2 (this is UART1 on ESP32)
#if ESP32_WROOM
		Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO16, DeviceFunction.COM2_TX);
		Configuration.SetPinFunction(Gpio.IO17, DeviceFunction.COM2_RX);
#endif

		Debug.Write("Ports:");
		foreach (string port in SerialPort.GetPortNames())
		{
			Debug.Write($" {port}");
		}
		Debug.WriteLine("");

		using (Rak4200LoRaWanDevice device = new Rak4200LoRaWanDevice())
		{
			result = device.Initialise(SerialPortId, 9600, Parity.None, 8, StopBits.One);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Initialise failed {result}");
				return;
			}

#if CONFIRMED
			device.OnMessageConfirmation += OnMessageConfirmationHandler;
#endif
			device.OnReceiveMessage += OnReceiveMessageHandler;

#if FACTORY_RESET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} FactoryReset");
			result = device.FactoryReset();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"FactoryReset failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if DEVICE_DEVEUI_SET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Device EUI");
			result = device.DeviceEui(Config.devEui);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"ADR on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if REGION_SET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Region{Region}");
			result = device.Region(Region);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Region on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if ADR_SET
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ADR On");
			result = device.AdrOn();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"ADR on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif
#if CONFIRMED
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Confirmed");
			result = device.UplinkMessageConfirmationOn();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Confirm on failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif
#if UNCONFIRMED
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Unconfirmed");
			result = device.UplinkMessageConfirmationOff();
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Confirm off failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if OTAA
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} OTAA");
			result = device.OtaaInitialise(Config.JoinEui, Config.AppKey);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"OTAA Initialise failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

#if ABP
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ABP");
			result = device.AbpInitialise(Config.DevAddress, Config.NwksKey, Config.AppsKey);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"ABP Initialise failed {result}");
				return;
			}
#endif

			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join start Timeout:{JoinTimeOut:hh:mm:ss}");
			result = device.Join(JoinTimeOut);
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine($"Join failed {result}");
				return;
			}
			Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join finish");

			while (true)
			{
#if PAYLOAD_BCD
				Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Send Timeout:{SendTimeout:hh:mm:ss} port:{MessagePort} payload BCD:{PayloadBcd}");
				result = device.Send(MessagePort, PayloadBcd, SendTimeout);
#endif
#if PAYLOAD_BYTES
				Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Send Timeout:{SendTimeout:hh:mm:ss} port:{MessagePort} payload Bytes:{BitConverter.ToString(PayloadBytes)}");
				result = device.Send(MessagePort, PayloadBytes, SendTimeout);
#endif
				if (result != Result.Success)
				{
					Debug.WriteLine($"Send failed {result}");
				}

				Thread.Sleep(new TimeSpan(0, 5, 0));
			}
		}
	}
	catch (Exception ex)
	{
		Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
	}
}

After configuring my Discovery kit with STM32F769NI MCU and RAK4200 Breakout Board test rig the RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient application could successfully connect to The Things Network with just ST_STM32F769I_DISCOVERY, PAYLOAD_BCD or PAYLOAD_BYTES and CONFIRMED or UNCONFIRMED defined.

Visual Studio Debug output for RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient minimal configuration connection
The Things Network “Live Data” for RAK4200LoRaWANDeviceClient minimal configuration connection

One of my client’s products has a configuration mode (button pressed as device starts) which enables a serial port (headers on board + FTDI module) for in field configuration of the onboard RAK4200 module.

.NET nanoFramework RAK4200 LoRaWAN library OTAA Join

When I first tried Over The Air Activation(OTAA) to connect to The Things Network(TTN) with my RAKwireless RAK4200 module it didn’t work. I built another test harness with an FTDI module so I could send AT commands with the RAK Serial Port Tool to my RAK4200 module.

RAK4200 -> FTDI -? PC test harness

The default baud rate is 115200 but I sent “at+set_config=device:uart:1:9600” to the RAK4200 module.

RAK Serial Port Tool initiating at+join command

With the RAK Serial Port Tool I could get the RAK4200 connected to TTN and send unconfirmed messages. The sequence of commands I used was

at+set_config=lora:join_mode:0
at+set_config=lora:class:0
at+set_config=lora:region:AS923
at+set_config=lora:dev_eui:XXXX
at+set_config=lora:app_eui:XXXX
at+set_config=lora:app_key:XXXX
at+set_config=device:restart
at+join
at+send=lora:2:48656c6c6f204c6f526157414e

I then returned to my STM32F769I Discovery, RAK4200 Breakoutboard, Seeedstudio Grove Base Shield for Arduino and a Seeedstudio Grove-4 pin Female Jumper to Grove 4 pin Conversion Cable based test harness.

RAK4200, STM32F769I Discovery test harness

I modified the NetworkJoinOTAA sample(based on the asynchronous version of BreakOutSerial) to send the same sequence of AT commands and display the responses.

namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN.nanoFramework.RAK4200
{
   using System;
	using System.Diagnostics;
   using System.IO.Ports;
   using System.Threading;

   public class Program
	{
      private const string SerialPortId = "COM6";
      private const string DevEui = "...";
      private const string AppEui = "...";
      private const string AppKey = "...";
      private const byte MessagePort = 1;
      private const string Payload = "48656c6c6f204c6f526157414e"; // Hello LoRaWAN

      public static void Main()
      {
         string response;

         Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.Rak4200.NetworkJoinOTAA starting");

         Debug.Write("Ports:");
         foreach (string port in SerialPort.GetPortNames())
         {
            Debug.Write($" {port}");
         }
         Debug.WriteLine("");

         try
         {
            using (SerialPort serialDevice = new SerialPort(SerialPortId))
            {
               // set parameters
               serialDevice.BaudRate = 9600;
               //_SerialPort.BaudRate = 115200;
               serialDevice.Parity = Parity.None;
               serialDevice.StopBits = StopBits.One;
               serialDevice.Handshake = Handshake.None;
               serialDevice.DataBits = 8;

               serialDevice.ReadTimeout = 10000;

               serialDevice.NewLine = "\r\n";

               serialDevice.DataReceived += SerialDevice_DataReceived;

               serialDevice.Open();

               serialDevice.WatchChar = '\n';

               // clear out the RX buffer
               serialDevice.ReadExisting();
               response = serialDevice.ReadExisting();
               Debug.WriteLine($"Response :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the Working mode to LoRaWAN
               Console.WriteLine("lora:work_mode:0");
               serialDevice.WriteLine("at+set_config=lora:work_mode:0");

               // Set the JoinMode
               Console.WriteLine("lora:join_mode");
               serialDevice.WriteLine("at+set_config=lora:join_mode:0");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the Class
               Console.WriteLine("lora:class");
               serialDevice.WriteLine("at+set_config=lora:class:0");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the Region to AS923
               Console.WriteLine("lora:region:AS923");
               serialDevice.WriteLine("at+set_config=lora:region:AS923");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the devEUI
               Console.WriteLine("lora:dev_eui:{DevEui}");
               serialDevice.WriteLine($"at+set_config=lora:dev_eui:{DevEui}");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the appEUI
               Console.WriteLine("lora:app_eui:{AppEui}");
               serialDevice.WriteLine($"at+set_config=lora:app_eui:{AppEui}");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the appKey
               Console.WriteLine("lora:app_key:{AppKey}");
               serialDevice.WriteLine($"at+set_config=lora:app_key:{AppKey}");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Set the Confirm flag
               Console.WriteLine("lora:confirm:0");
               serialDevice.WriteLine("at+set_config=lora:confirm:0");
               Thread.Sleep(500);

               // Reset the device
               Console.WriteLine("device:restart");
               serialDevice.WriteLine($"at+set_config=device:restart");
               Thread.Sleep(10000);

               // Join the network
               Console.WriteLine("at+join");
               serialDevice.WriteLine("at+join");
               Thread.Sleep(10000);

               while (true)
               {
                  // Send the BCD messages
                  Console.WriteLine("lora:{MessagePort}:{Payload}");
                  serialDevice.WriteLine($"at+send=lora:{MessagePort}:{Payload}");

                  Thread.Sleep(20000);
               }
            }
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
            Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
         }
      }

      private static void SerialDevice_DataReceived(object sender, SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e)
      {
         SerialPort serialPort = (SerialPort)sender;
         string response;

         switch (e.EventType)
         {
            case SerialData.Chars:
               break;

            case SerialData.WatchChar:
               response = serialPort.ReadExisting();
               Debug.Write(response);
               break;
            default:
               Debug.Assert(false, $"e.EventType {e.EventType} unknown");
               break;
         }
      }
   }
}

The NetworkJoinOTAA application assumes that all of the AT commands succeed

Visual Studio Output windows displaying connection process and a D2C message
TTN Console live data tab connection process
TTN Console live messaging tab C2D message

I need to find a way to set the RAK4200 back to factory settings so I can figure out what settings are persisted by the “at+set_config=device:restart” and which ones need to be set every time the application is run.

RAK3172LoRaWAN-NetCore on Github

The source code for a late beta version of my .Net Core C# library for RAK3172 modules is now available on GitHub.

Using SerialDataReceivedEventHandler was causing memory management problems so the core command processor now runs in its own Thread.(Though I worry about the continuous System.TimeoutExceptions)

A sample application which shows how to connect using Over the Air Activation(OTAA) or Activation By Personalisation(ABP) then send and receive byte array/hexadecimal messages.

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (c) September 2021, devMobile Software
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// Must have one of following options defined in the project\build definitions
//    PAYLOAD_BCD or PAYLOAD_BYTES
//    OTAA or ABP
//
// Optional definitions
//    CONFIRMED For confirmed messages
//		DEVEUI_SET
//
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN.NetCore.RAK3172
{
	using System;
	using System.IO.Ports;
	using System.Threading;


	public class Program
	{
		private const string SerialPortId = "/dev/ttyS0";
		private const LoRaClass Class = LoRaClass.A;
		private const string Band = "8-1";
		private const byte MessagePort = 10;
		private static readonly TimeSpan MessageSendTimerDue = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 15);
		private static readonly TimeSpan MessageSendTimerPeriod = new TimeSpan(0, 5, 0);
		private static Timer MessageSendTimer ;
		private const int JoinRetryAttempts = 2;
		private const int JoinRetryIntervalSeconds = 10;
#if PAYLOAD_BCD
		private const string PayloadBcd = "48656c6c6f204c6f526157414e"; // Hello LoRaWAN in BCD
#endif
#if PAYLOAD_BYTES
		private static readonly byte[] PayloadBytes = { 0x48, 0x65 , 0x6c, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x4c, 0x6f, 0x52, 0x61, 0x57, 0x41, 0x4e}; // Hello LoRaWAN in bytes
#endif

		public static void Main()
		{
			Result result;

			Console.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.LoRaWAN.NetCore.RAK3172 RAK3712LoRaWANDeviceClient starting");

			Console.WriteLine($"Serial ports:{String.Join(",", SerialPort.GetPortNames())}");

			try
			{
				using (Rak3172LoRaWanDevice device = new Rak3172LoRaWanDevice())
				{
					result = device.Initialise(SerialPortId, 9600, Parity.None, 8, StopBits.One);
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"Initialise failed {result}");
						return;
					}

					MessageSendTimer = new Timer(SendMessageTimerCallback, device,Timeout.Infinite, Timeout.Infinite);

					device.OnJoinCompletion += OnJoinCompletionHandler;
					device.OnReceiveMessage += OnReceiveMessageHandler;
#if CONFIRMED
					device.OnMessageConfirmation += OnMessageConfirmationHandler;
#endif

#if DEVEUI_SET
					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} DevEUI {Config.devEui}");
					result = device.DeviceEui(Config.devEui);
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"DevEUI failed {result}");
						return;
					}
#endif

					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Class {Class}");
					result = device.Class(Class);
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"Class failed {result}");
						return;
					}

					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Band {Band}");
					result = device.Band(Band);
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"Region failed {result}");
						return;
					}

					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ADR On");
					result = device.AdrOn();
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"ADR on failed {result}");
						return;
					}

#if CONFIRMED
               Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Confirmed");
               result = device.UplinkMessageConfirmationOn();
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Console.WriteLine($"Confirm on failed {result}");
                  return;
               }
#else
					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Unconfirmed");
					result = device.UplinkMessageConfirmationOff();
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"Confirm off failed {result}");
						return;
					}
#endif

#if OTAA
					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} OTAA");
					result = device.OtaaInitialise(Config.JoinEui, Config.AppKey);
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"OTAA Initialise failed {result}");
						return;
					}
#endif

#if ABP
               Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ABP");
               result = device.AbpInitialise(Config.DevAddress, Config.NwksKey, Config.AppsKey);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Console.WriteLine($"ABP Initialise failed {result}");
                  return;
               }
#endif

					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join start");
					result = device.Join(JoinRetryAttempts, JoinRetryIntervalSeconds);
					if (result != Result.Success)
					{
						Console.WriteLine($"Join failed {result}");
						return;
					}
					Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join started");

					Thread.Sleep(Timeout.Infinite);
				}
			}
			catch (Exception ex)
			{
				Console.WriteLine(ex.Message);
			}
		}

		private static void OnJoinCompletionHandler(bool result)
		{
			Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join finished:{result}");

			if (result)
			{ 
				MessageSendTimer.Change(MessageSendTimerDue, MessageSendTimerPeriod);
			}
		}

		private static void SendMessageTimerCallback(object state)
		{
			Rak3172LoRaWanDevice device = (Rak3172LoRaWanDevice)state;

#if PAYLOAD_BCD
			Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} port:{MessagePort} payload BCD:{PayloadBcd}");
			Result result = device.Send(MessagePort, PayloadBcd );
#endif
#if PAYLOAD_BYTES
			Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} port:{MessagePort} payload bytes:{Rak3172LoRaWanDevice.BytesToBcd(PayloadBytes)}");
         Result result = device.Send(MessagePort, PayloadBytes);
#endif
			if (result != Result.Success)
			{
				Console.WriteLine($"Send failed {result}");
			}
		}

#if CONFIRMED
		private static void OnMessageConfirmationHandler()
      {
			Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Send successful");
		}
#endif

		private static void OnReceiveMessageHandler(byte port, int rssi, int snr, string payload)
		{
			byte[] payloadBytes = Rak3172LoRaWanDevice.HexToByes(payload); // Done this way so both conversion methods tested

			Console.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Receive Message RSSI:{rssi} SNR:{snr} Port:{port} Payload:{payload} PayLoadBytes:{BitConverter.ToString(payloadBytes)}");
		}
	}
}

I have added XML Documentation comments which will need some rework, after I have “soak tested” the code for at least a week.

I have also added a method so the DevEUI can be set (intended for use after device firmware has been updated), fixed up my mistake with Binary Coded Decimal(BCD) vs. Hexadecimal strings.

I will also go back and apply the “learnings” from this refactoring to my other LoRaWAN module and platform libraries

.NET Core RAK3172 LoRaWAN library Part2

Nasty OTAA connect

After getting basic connectivity for my RAK3172 test rig sorted I wanted to see if I could get the device connected to The Things Network(TTN) via the RAK7246G LPWAN Developer Gateway on my bookcase.

Raspberry Pi3 with Grove Base Hat and RAK3172 Breakout (using UART2)

My Over the Air Activation (OTAA) implementation is very “nasty” I have assumed that there would be no timeouts or failures and I only send one BCD message “48656c6c6f204c6f526157414e” which is “hello LoRaWAN”.

The code just sequentially steps through the necessary configuration to join the TTN network with a suitable delay after each command is sent.

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (c) September 2021, devMobile Software
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace devMobile.IoT.NetCore.RAK3172.NetworkJoinOTAA
{
	using System;
	using System.Diagnostics;
	using System.IO.Ports;
	using System.Threading;

	public class Program
	{
		private const string SerialPortId = "/dev/ttyS0";
		private const string AppEui = "...";
		private const string AppKey = "...";
		private const byte MessagePort = 1;
		private const string Payload = "A0EEE456D02AFF4AB8BAFD58101D2A2A"; // Hello LoRaWAN

		public static void Main()
		{
			string response;

			Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.NetCore.Rak3172.NetworkJoinOTAA starting");

			Debug.WriteLine(String.Join(",", SerialPort.GetPortNames()));

			try
			{
				using (SerialPort serialPort = new SerialPort(SerialPortId))
				{
					// set parameters
					serialPort.BaudRate = 9600;
					serialPort.DataBits = 8;
					serialPort.Parity = Parity.None;
					serialPort.StopBits = StopBits.One;
					serialPort.Handshake = Handshake.None;

					serialPort.ReadTimeout = 5000;

					serialPort.NewLine = "\r\n";

					serialPort.Open();

					// clear out the RX buffer
					response = serialPort.ReadExisting();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");
					Thread.Sleep(500);


					// Set the Working mode to LoRaWAN
					Console.WriteLine("Set Work mode");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+NWM=1");
					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					// Read the response
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					// Set the Region to AS923
					Console.WriteLine("Set Region");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+BAND=8-1");
					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					// Read the response
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					// Set the JoinMode
					Console.WriteLine("Set Join mode");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+NJM=1");
					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					// Read the response
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					// Set the appEUI
					Console.WriteLine("Set App Eui");
					serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+APPEUI={AppEui}");
					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					// Read the response
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					// Set the appKey
					Console.WriteLine("Set App Key");
					serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+APPKEY={AppKey}");
					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					// Read the response
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					// Set the Confirm flag
					Console.WriteLine("Set Confirm off");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+CFM=0");
					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					// Read the response
					response = serialPort.ReadLine(); 
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					// Join the network
					Console.WriteLine("Start Join");
					serialPort.WriteLine("AT+JOIN=1:0:10:2");

					// Read the blank line
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();

					// Read the Result
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					Thread.Sleep(10000);

					// Read the +EVT:JOINED
					response = serialPort.ReadLine();
					Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

					while (true)
					{
						Console.WriteLine("Sending");
						serialPort.WriteLine($"AT+SEND={MessagePort}:{Payload}");

						// Read the blank line
						response = serialPort.ReadLine();

						// Read the result
						Console.WriteLine("Send result");
						response = serialPort.ReadLine();
						Debug.WriteLine($"RX :{response.Trim()} bytes:{response.Length}");

						Thread.Sleep(300000);
					}
				}
			}
			catch (Exception ex)
			{
				Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
			}
		}
	}
}

The code is not suitable for production but it confirmed my software and hardware configuration worked.

In the Visual Studio 2019 debug output I could see messages getting sent and then after a short delay they were visible in the TTN console.

The RAK3172 command format is quite different from other modules I have used e.g. Requesting the firmware version information

  • TX- AT+VER=?
  • RX- Blank Line
  • RX- V1.0.2
  • RX- OK

Requesting the APPEUI

  • TX- AT+APPEUI=?
  • RX- 1122334455667788
  • RX- Blank line
  • RX- OK

I think the RAK3172 module ships with a default DEVEUI so in this code and my library I have assumed it will be configured as part of a “provisioning” process.

SeeedLoRaE5-NetCore on Github

The source code of my .Net Core C# library for Seeed LoRa-E5 modules used in products like the LoRa-E5 Development Kit, LoRa-E5 mini and Grove-LoRa-E5 is now available on GitHub.

A sample application which shows how to connect using Over the Air Activation(OTAA) or Activation By Personalisation(ABP) then send and receive byte array/Binary Coded Decimal(BCD) messages .

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (c) September 2021, devMobile Software
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
//
// Must have one of following options defined in the nfproj file
//    PAYLOAD_BCD or PAYLOAD_BYTES
//    OTAA or ABP
//
// Optional definitions
//    CONFIRMED For confirmed messages
//    RESET for return device to factory settings
//
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace devMobile.IoT.NetCore.SeeedE5LoRa.LoRaWanDeviceClient
{
   using System;
   using System.Diagnostics;
   using System.Threading;

   using devMobile.IoT.LoRaWan;

   public class Program
   {
      private const string SerialPortId = "/dev/ttyS0";
      private const string Region = "AS923";
      private static readonly TimeSpan JoinTimeOut = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 20);
      private static readonly TimeSpan SendTimeout = new TimeSpan(0, 0, 15);

      private const byte MessagePort = 15;

#if PAYLOAD_BCD
      private const string PayloadBcd = "010203040506070809";
#endif
#if PAYLOAD_BYTES
      private static readonly byte[] PayloadBytes = { 0x09, 0x08, 0x07, 0x06, 0x05, 0x04, 0x03, 0x02, 0x01 };
#endif

      public static void Main()
      {
         Result result;

         Debug.WriteLine("devMobile.IoT.SeeedE5LoRaWANDeviceClient starting");

         try
         {
            using (SeeedE5LoRaWANDevice device = new SeeedE5LoRaWANDevice())
            {
               result = device.Initialise(SerialPortId, 9600);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"Initialise failed {result}");
                  return;
               }

#if CONFIRMED
               device.OnMessageConfirmation += OnMessageConfirmationHandler;
#endif
               device.OnReceiveMessage += OnReceiveMessageHandler;
#if RESET
               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Reset");
               result = device.Reset();
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"Reset failed {result}");
                  return;
               }
#endif

               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Region {Region}");
               result = device.Region(Region);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"Region failed {result}");
                  return;
               }

               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ADR On");
               result = device.AdrOn();
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"ADR on failed {result}");
                  return;
               }

               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Port {MessagePort}");
               result = device.Port(MessagePort);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"Port on failed {result}");
                  return;
               }

#if OTAA
               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} OTAA");
               result = device.OtaaInitialise(Config.AppEui, Config.AppKey);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"OTAA Initialise failed {result}");
                  return;
               }
#endif

#if ABP
               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} ABP");
               result = device.AbpInitialise(Config.DevAddress, Config.NwksKey, Config.AppsKey);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"ABP Initialise failed {result}");
                  return;
               }
#endif

               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join start Timeout:{JoinTimeOut.TotalSeconds} Seconds");
               result = device.Join(true, JoinTimeOut);
               if (result != Result.Success)
               {
                  Debug.WriteLine($"Join failed {result}");
                  return;
               }
               Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Join finish");

               while (true)
               {
#if PAYLOAD_BCD
                  Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Send Timeout:{SendTimeout.TotalSeconds} Seconds payload BCD:{PayloadBcd}");
#if CONFIRMED
                  result = device.Send(PayloadBcd, true, SendTimeout);
#else
                  result = device.Send(PayloadBcd, false, SendTimeout);
#endif
#endif

#if PAYLOAD_BYTES
                  Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Send Timeout:{SendTimeout.TotalSeconds} Seconds payload Bytes:{BitConverter.ToString(PayloadBytes)}");
#if CONFIRMED
                  result = device.Send(PayloadBytes, true, SendTimeout);
#else
                  result = device.Send(PayloadBytes, false, SendTimeout);
#endif
#endif
                  if (result != Result.Success)
                  {
                     Debug.WriteLine($"Send failed {result}");
                  }

#if LOW_POWER
                  Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Sleep");
                  result = device.Sleep();
                  if (result != Result.Success)
                  {
                     Debug.WriteLine($"Sleep failed {result}");
                     return;
                  }
#endif

                  Thread.Sleep(60000);

#if LOW_POWER
                  Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Wakeup");
                  result = device.Wakeup();
                  if (result != Result.Success)
                  {
                     Debug.WriteLine($"Wakeup failed {result}");
                     return;
                  }
#endif
               }
            }
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
            Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message);
         }
      }

#if CONFIRMED
      static void OnMessageConfirmationHandler(int rssi, double snr)
      {
         Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Send Confirm RSSI:{rssi} SNR:{snr}");
      }
#endif

      static void OnReceiveMessageHandler(int port, int rssi, double snr, string payloadBcd)
      {
         byte[] payloadBytes = SeeedE5LoRaWANDevice.BcdToByes(payloadBcd);

         Debug.WriteLine($"{DateTime.UtcNow:hh:mm:ss} Receive Message RSSI:{rssi} SNR:{snr} Port:{port} Payload:{payloadBcd} PayLoadBytes:{BitConverter.ToString(payloadBytes)}");
      }
   }
}