The voltage output by the current sensor and measured by the Netduino needs to be corrected using the offset value then the RMS value calculated. This RMS value then needs to be adjusted taking into account the voltage range of the Netduino analog input (0V-3V3), the resolution of the analog input (12 bits) and the voltage output by the non-invasive current sensor (0~1V for 0~30A).

My approach appears to produce reasonable values but I will need to compare them with a calibrated reference device to check its accuracy. The 18W measurement with no current flowing is due to the noise on the analog input discussed in an earlier post.

The first version of the software used the initial offset value, the second version updates the offset value at the end of each set of samples.

int valueSum = 0;
int valueSumSqr = 0;
int offset;
AnalogInput x1 = new AnalogInput(Cpu.AnalogChannel.ANALOG_0);

// Calculate the sum for initial offset
for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
valueSum += x1.ReadRaw();
}
offset = valueSum / SampleCount;

…

Stopwatch stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
stopwatch.Start();

for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
int value = x1.ReadRaw();

value -= offset;

valueSumSqr += (value * value);
}
stopwatch.Stop();

double rms = System.Math.Sqrt((double)(valueSumSqr / SampleCount));
double rmsCurrent = rms * (3.3 / 4096.0) * 3.3 * 30.0;
double rmsWatts = rmsCurrent * 230;

Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2588 mSec 38639/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2587 mSec 38654/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W

int valueSum = 0;
int valueSumSqr = 0;
int offset;
AnalogInput x1 = new AnalogInput(Cpu.AnalogChannel.ANALOG_0);
// Calculate the sum for initial offset
for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
valueSum += x1.ReadRaw();
}
offset = valueSum / SampleCount;

…

Stopwatch stopwatch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
stopwatch.Start();

for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
int value = x1.ReadRaw();

valueSum += value;

value -= offset;

valueSumSqr += (value * value);
}
stopwatch.Stop();

offset = valueSum / SampleCount;

double rms = System.Math.Sqrt((double)(valueSumSqr / SampleCount));
double rmsCurrent = rms * (3.3 / 4096.0) * 3.3 * 30.0 ;
double rmsWatts = rmsCurrent * 230;

Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W
Duration = 2816 mSec 35511/sec RMS 1.0 RMS Current 0.1A RMS Power 18W

Both versions appear to sample the output of the non-invasive current sensor at a more than sufficient rate.

While writing the calibration code I noticed that the voltage reading was a bit noisy so I modified the code to record the minimum & maximum values then put the current sensor clamp on a wire not carrying any current.

int value;
int valueSum = 0;
int valueMinimum = int.MaxValue;
int valueMaximum = int.MinValue;
AnalogInput x1 = new AnalogInput(Cpu.AnalogChannel.ANALOG_0);

stopwatch.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
value = x1.ReadRaw();

if (value < valueMinimum)
{
valueMinimum = value;
}
if (value > valueMaximum)
{
valueMaximum = value;
}
valueSum += value;
}
stopwatch.Stop();

Duration = 3509 mSec 28498/sec Min=2031 Max=2052 Avg=2041
Duration = 3501 mSec 28563/sec Min=2031 Max=2052 Avg=2041
Duration = 3500 mSec 28571/sec Min=2031 Max=2053 Avg=2041
Duration = 3501 mSec 28563/sec Min=2031 Max=2053 Avg=2041
Duration = 3500 mSec 28571/sec Min=2031 Max=2051 Avg=2041
Duration = 3500 mSec 28571/sec Min=2031 Max=2052 Avg=2041
Duration = 3500 mSec 28571/sec Min=2031 Max=2053 Avg=2041
Duration = 3501 mSec 28563/sec Min=2032 Max=2053 Avg=2041
Duration = 3500 mSec 28571/sec Min=2031 Max=2053 Avg=2041
Duration = 3500 mSec 28571/sec Min=2030 Max=2052 Avg=2041

Looks like there is a little bit of noise on the input when there is no current flowing.

I also tried using the baked in Min & Max functions but these were a bit slower which was not what I was expecting

int value;
int valueSum = 0;
int valueMinimum = int.MaxValue;
int valueMaximum = int.MinValue;
AnalogInput x1 = new AnalogInput(Cpu.AnalogChannel.ANALOG_0);

stopwatch.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
value = x1.ReadRaw();

valueMinimum = System.Math.Min(value, valueMinimum);
valueMaximum = System.Math.Max(value, valueMaximum);

valueSum += value;
}
stopwatch.Stop();

Duration = 4672 mSec 21390/sec Min=2036 Max=2048 Avg=2041
Duration = 4665 mSec 21436/sec Min=2036 Max=2049 Avg=2041
Duration = 4665 mSec 21436/sec Min=2035 Max=2049 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2036 Max=2048 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2036 Max=2048 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2036 Max=2049 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2035 Max=2048 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2035 Max=2048 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2035 Max=2049 Avg=2041
Duration = 4664 mSec 21440/sec Min=2035 Max=2048 Avg=2041

The Netduino 2 Plus AnalogInput has a range of 0V to 3V3. The Non Invasive Current Sensor we are using returns 0-1V AC for 0-30 Amps AC. To measure the sensor’s output waveform the Energy Monitor Shield uses a voltage divider to offset the reference voltage to 3v3/2. To calibrate the sensor we averaged the input voltage and over 100,000 readings.

The initial code looked like this

int value;
int valueSum = 0;
AnalogInput x1 = new AnalogInput(Cpu.AnalogChannel.ANALOG_0);

stopwatch.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
value = x1.ReadRaw();

valueSum = valueSum + value;
}
stopwatch.Stop();

Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2273 mSec 43994/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec
Duration = 2272 mSec 44014/sec

I then modified the code to not use a temporary variable

int valueSum = 0;
AnalogInput x1 = new AnalogInput(Cpu.AnalogChannel.ANALOG_0);

stopwatch.Start();
for (int i = 0; i < SampleCount; i++)
{
valueSum = valueSum + x1.ReadRaw();
}
stopwatch.Stop();

Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2182 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec
Duration = 2181 mSec 45829/sec

The code without the temporary variable was slightly faster.