Tag Archives: Output Binding

TTI V3 Connector Azure Storage Queues Paused

Posted on by

After running my The Things Industries(TTI) V3 HTTPStorageQueueOutput application for a week I think there are some problems with my approach so I have paused development while I build another HTTPTrigger Azure Functions based Proof of Concept(PoC).

The HTTPTrigger and Azure Storage Queue OutputBinding based code which inserts messages into an Azure Storage Queue was minimal 

[StorageAccount("AzureWebJobsStorage")]
public static class Webhooks
{
	[Function("Uplink")]
	public static async Task<HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType> Uplink([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
	{
		var logger = context.GetLogger("UplinkMessage");

		logger.LogInformation("Uplink processed");
			
		var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);

		return new HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType()
		{
			Name = await req.ReadAsStringAsync(),
			HttpReponse = response
		};
	}
}

With Azure Storage Explorer I could inspect uplink, queued, sent, and acknowledgment(ACK) messages. It was difficult to generate failed and Negative Acknowledgement (Nack) and failed messages

Azure Storage Explorer displaying Uplink messages
Azure Storage Explorer displaying queued messages
Azure Storage Explorer displaying sent messages
Azure Storage Explorer Displaying Ack messages

After some experimentation I realised that I had forgotten that the order of message processing was important e.g. a TTI Queued message should be processed before the associated Ack. This could (and did happen) because I had a queue for each message type and in addition the Azure Queue Storage trigger binding would use parallel execution to process backlogs of messages. My approach caused issues with both intra and inter queue message ordering

TTI V3 Connector Azure Storage Queues

Posted on by

The first Proof of Concept(PoC) for my updated The Things Industries(TTI) V3 Webhooks Integration was to explore the use of Azure Functions to securely ingest webhook calls. The aim was to have uplink and downlink message progress message payloads written to Azure Storage Queues with output bindings ready for processing. 

namespace devMobile.IoT.TheThingsIndustries.HttpInputStorageQueueOutput
{
	using System.Net;
	using System.Threading.Tasks;

	using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker;
	using Microsoft.Azure.Functions.Worker.Http;
	using Microsoft.Azure.WebJobs;
	using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;


	[StorageAccount("AzureWebJobsStorage")]
	public static class Webhooks
	{
		[Function("Uplink")]
		public static async Task<HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType> Uplink([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
		{
			var logger = context.GetLogger("UplinkMessage");

			logger.LogInformation("Uplink processed");
			
			var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);

			return new HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType()
			{
				Name = await req.ReadAsStringAsync(),
				HttpReponse = response
			};
		}

		public class HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType
		{
			[QueueOutput("uplink")]
			public string Name { get; set; }

			public HttpResponseData HttpReponse { get; set; }
		}

...

		[Function("Failed")]
		public static async Task<HttpTriggerFailedOutputBindingType> Failed([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
		{
			var logger = context.GetLogger("Failed");

			logger.LogInformation("Failed procssed");

			var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);

			return new HttpTriggerFailedOutputBindingType()
			{
				Name = await req.ReadAsStringAsync(),
				HttpReponse = response
			};
		}

		public class HttpTriggerFailedOutputBindingType
		{
			[QueueOutput("failed")]
			public string Name { get; set; }

			public HttpResponseData HttpReponse { get; set; }
		}
	}
}

After some initial problems with the use of Azure Storage Queue output bindings to insert messages into the ack, nak, failed, queued, and uplink Azure Storage Queues I found it didn’t take much code and worked reliably on my desktop.

Azure Functions Desktop Development environment running my functions

I used Telerik Fiddler with some sample payloads to test my application.

Telerik Fiddler Request Composer “posting” sample message to desktop endpoint

Once the functions were running reliably on my desktop, I created an Azure Service Plan, deployed the code, then generated an API Key for securing my HTTPTrigger endpoints.

Azure Functions Host Key configuration dialog

I then added a TTI Webhook Integration to my TTI SeeduinoLoRaWAN application, manually configured the endpoint, enabled the different messages I wanted to process and set the x-functions-key header.

TTI Application Webhook configuration

After a short delay I could see messages in the message uplink queue with Azure Storage Explorer

Azure Storage Explorer displaying content of my uplink queue

Building a new version of my TTIV3 Azure IoT connector is a useful learning exercise but I’m still deciding whether is it worth the effort as TTI has one now?

Azure HTTP Trigger Functions with .NET Core 5

Posted on by

My updated The Things Industries(TTI) connector will use a number of Azure Functions to process Application Integration webhooks (with HTTP Triggers) and Azure Storage Queue messages(with Output Bindings & QueueTriggers).

On a couple of customer projects we had been updating Azure Functions from .NET 4.X to .NET Core 3.1, and most recently .NET Core 5. This process has been surprisingly painful so I decided to build a series of small proof of concept (PoC) projects to explore the problem.

Visual Studio Azure Function Trigger type selector

I started with the Visual Studio 2019 Azure Function template and created a plain HTTPTrigger. 

public static class Function1
{
   [Function("Function1")]
   public static HttpResponseData Run([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "get", "post")] HttpRequestData req,
      FunctionContext executionContext)
   {
      var logger = executionContext.GetLogger("Function1");
      logger.LogInformation("C# HTTP trigger function processed a request.");

      var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);
      response.Headers.Add("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8");

      response.WriteString("Welcome to Azure Functions!");

      return response;
   }
}

I changed the AuthorizationLevel to Anonymous to make testing in Azure with Telerik Fiddler easier

public static class Function1
{
	[Function("PlainAsync")]
	public static async Task<IActionResult> Run([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Anonymous, "get", "post", Route = null)] HttpRequestData request, FunctionContext executionContext)
	{
		var logger = executionContext.GetLogger("UplinkMessage");

		logger.LogInformation("C# HTTP trigger function processed a request.");

		var response = request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);

		response.Headers.Add("Content-Type", "text/plain; charset=utf-8");

		response.WriteString("Welcome to Azure Functions!");

		return new OkResult();
	}
}

With not a lot of work I had an Azure Function I could run in the Visual Studio debugger

Azure Functions Debug Diagnostic Output

I could invoke the function using the endpoint displayed as debugging environment started.

Telerik Fiddler Composer invoking Azure Function running locally

I then added more projects to explore asynchronicity, and output bindings

Azure Functions Solution PoC Projects

After a bit of “trial and error” I had an HTTPTrigger Function that inserted a message containing the payload of an HTTP POST into an Azure Storage Queue.

[StorageAccount("AzureWebJobsStorage")]
public static class Function1
{
	[Function("Uplink")]
	public static async Task<HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType> Uplink([HttpTrigger(AuthorizationLevel.Function, "post")] HttpRequestData req, FunctionContext context)
	{
		var logger = context.GetLogger("UplinkMessage");

		logger.LogInformation("Uplink processed");
			
		var response = req.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);

		return new HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType()
		{
			Name = await req.ReadAsStringAsync(),
			HttpReponse = response
		};
	}

	public class HttpTriggerUplinkOutputBindingType
	{
		[QueueOutput("uplink")]
		public string Name { get; set; }

		public HttpResponseData HttpReponse { get; set; }
	}
}

The key was Multiple Output Bindings so the function could return a result for both the HttpResponseData and Azure Storage Queue operations

Azure Functions Debug Diagnostic Output

After getting the function running locally I deployed it to a Function App running in an App Service plan

Azure HTTP Trigger function Host Key configuration

Using the Azure Portal I configured an x-functions-key which I could use in Telerik Fiddler

After fixing an accidental truncation of the x-functions-key a message with the body of the POST was created in the Azure Storage Queue.

Azure Storage Queue Message containing HTTP Post Payload

The aim of this series of PoCs was to have an Azure function that securely (x-functions-key) processed an Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(HTTP) POST with an HTTPTrigger and inserted a message containing the payload into an Azure Storage Queue using an OutputBinding.

Use the contents of this blog post with care as it may not age well.